And it is my face, and yours, Danforth! In this quote from the first act, the author Arthur Miller reveals that Abigail is unstable and she will go to any length to be together with John Proctor. But second, and perhaps more important, we see in this quotation a fierce loathing of the entire town"I never knew what pretense Salem was, I never knew the lying lessons. The Salem tragedy, which is about to begin in these pages, developed from a paradox. She scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and GRE and loves advising students on how to excel in high school. More weight, he says. Want to find out more about the characters who say these things? I see no light of God in that man. Because I lie and sign myself to lies! What happens when Mary Warren tells the court the truth about the girls acting bewitched? Search this website to see if I already wrote about it. I danced for the Devil; I saw him, I wrote in his book; I go back to Jesus; I kiss His hand. (Abigail, Act 1 p. 11), "A man will not cast away his good name. Get professional help from PrepScholar. "No, old man, you have not hurt these people if they are of good conscience. Although they say they were only dancing, rumors spread that they were practicing witchcraft. Political opposition is given an inhumane overlay, which then justifies the abrogation of all normally applied customs of civilized behavior. But I wilted, and, like a Christian, I confessed. What ACT target score should you be aiming for? Try your hand at explaining how each of them does so. Why do you never wonder if Parris be innocent, or Abigail? Have I not?" Check Pages 1-50 of The Crucible full text in the flip PDF version. What is a crucible? John Hale, Some dream I had must have mistaken you for God that day. Simply, it was this: for good purposes, even high purposes, the people of Salem developed a theocracy, a combine of state and religious power whose function was to keep the community together, and to prevent any kind of disunity that might open it to destruction by material or ideological enemies. The irony in Danforth's statement is that it wasn't "just" to hang any of the accused witches in the first place, and so continuing to hang people just because it's already been done before is a terrible idea. It follows the stories of several individuals, notably John Proctor, as they are accused of witchcraft and forced to confront their beliefs and values. remember it! Is the accuser always holy now?" You surely know that.' (Proctor in court after confession to lechery with Abby) Act 3. Proctor is the voice of common sense here, as a counterpoint to Hale's "don't question the process" stance. The Crucible is a must-read that will leave you inspired and empowered. A man may think God sleeps, but God sees everything, I know it now. And it is my face, and yours, Danforth! "DANFORTH, conciliatory: You misunderstand, sir; I cannot pardon these when twelve are already hanged for the same crime. Web call of duty: hbspt.cta.load(360031, '4efd5fbd-40d7-4b12-8674-6c4f312edd05', {}); Have any questions about this article or other topics? (including. And died. Tears pleasure them! It's strange work for a Christian girl to hang old women!, [W]e conceive the Devil as a necessary part of a respectable view of cosmology. He is openly weeping. This quote shows how even Giles Corey, one of the more level-headed characters in The Crucible, got caught up in the hysteria of the witch trials and got his wife accused of being a witch. I hear the boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy face! Want 100 or more? I beg you, sir, I beg yousee her what she is. God help me, I lusted and there is a promise in such sweat. The real "powers of dark" affecting Salem are suspicion and fear, not anything demonic. Ask below and we'll reply! At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Download it for free now: hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(360031, '688715d6-bf92-47d7-8526-4c53d1f5fe7d', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(360031, '03a85984-6dfd-4a19-93c8-5f46091f5e2b', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); Laura graduated magna cum laude from Wellesley College with a BA in Music and Psychology, and earned a Master's degree in Composition from the Longy School of Music of Bard College. Can you not see the blood on my head!!". . (Elizabeth, in a burst of terror, rushes to him and weeps against his hand.) (Abigail, Act 3, p.107), "PROCTOR: I falter nothing, but I may wonder if my story will be credited in such a court. The Crucible: Reverend Parris (QUOTES) "They're thirsty for your word, mister" (Miller, 17). What victory would the Devil have to win a soul already bad? And it is my face, and yours, Danforth! an everlasting funeral marches round your heart. The way the content is organized, LitCharts makes it easy to find quotes by ..it may well be God damns a liar less than he that throws his life away for pride. Think you to be so mighty that the power of Hell may not turn your wits? It is mistaken law that leads you to sacrifice. Package, weigh and measure your item carefully. For them that quail to bring men out of ignorance, as I have quailed, and as you quail now when you know in all your black hearts that this be fraud - God damns our kind especially, and we will burn, we will burn together!". Act 1 . The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. In this quote, Danforth shows the terrible effect of the logical extension of belief in witchcraft. But witchcraft is ipso facto, on its face and by its nature an invisible crime, is it not? Because I cannot have another in my life! I'll go over the most important quotes from The Crucible, explaining both their literal meaning and why they're important. It is the best the Devil wants, and who is better than the minister. Rev. Man, remember, until an hour before the Devil fell, God thought him beautiful in Heaven. Check out our top-rated graduate blogs here: PrepScholar 2013-2018. Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. God will not let you clean your hands of this!, PROCTOR-he knows it is insane: No, it is not the same! Struggling with distance learning? That's done with.". A childs spirit is like a child, you can never catch it by running after it; you must stand still, and, for love, it will soon itself come back., There is prodigious danger in seeking loose spirits, I am sick of meetings; cannot the man turn his head without he have a meeting?, PARRIS: I want a mark of confidence, is all! How does John Proctor know that the witchcraft isnt real? The Devil is precise; the marks of his presence are definite as stone, and I must tell you all that I shall not proceed unless you are prepared to believe me if I should find no bruise of Hell upon her." . I never knew what pretence Salem was, I never knew the lying lessons I was taught by all these Christian women and their covenanted men! The Crucible.In a cell in the Salem prison a few months later, Sarah Good and Tituba think that the devil has come to take them to Barbados. SparkNotes PLUS I hope you will be one of those." One calls up witnesses to prove his innocence. Abigail is concerned about her reputation and her "name;" this is no doubt what motivates her, at least initially, to put the blame for the dancing in the woods on Tituba. what pretense Salem was, I never knew the lying lessons. By continuing well assume you . I danced for the Devil; I saw him, I wrote in his book; I go back to Jesus; I kiss His hand. The witch and the victim. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class.. I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! (one code per order). Why doesnt Danforth believe John Proctors confession of his infidelity with Abigail Williams? While I speak God's law, I will not crack its voice with whimpering. in an Act I conversation with John Proctor, clueing the audience I have seen too many frightful proofs in court - the Devil is alive in Salem, and we dare not quail to follow wherever the accusing finger points!" Answered by jill d #170087 on 1 /31/2018 3:54 PM. Life, woman, life is God's most precious gift; no principle, however glorious, may justify the taking of it. The final major theme is that of the power of society and authority in Puritan Salem. ~ Elizabeth Proctor. Quoting 'The Crucible' is easy, just take a look at the below, with the act number and page number included! !, We vote by name in this society, not by acreage., I should have roared you down when first you told me your suspicion. . Know a classmate who also needs to write about The Crucible? Sometimes it can end up there. A crucible is used to melt down metals and separate out the base metals - or in the case of those questioned about witchcraft, it separates out lies and hypocrisy. . Why did Tituba confess to dancing with the Devil? It features an extensive introduction by Susan C. W. Abbotson which includes: a chronology of Miller's life and times; a summary of the plot and commentary on the characters, Next. She turns and starts for the door." . Peace. Last updated by jill d #170087 on 1 /31/2018 3:54 PM. God forbid I take it from him!, I cannot sleep for dreaming; I cannot dream but I wake and walk about the house as though I'd find you comin' through the door., it's the proper morning to fly into Hell., Sex, sin, and the Devil were early linked., Great stones they lay upon his chest until he plead aye or nay. Oh,Elizabeth, your justice would freeze beer. (Danforth, Act 3, p. 87), Danforth's belief in black-and-white morality exacerbates the situation in Salem. . Wed love your help. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! Act 2. Let him give his lie. essential quotes by character: john proctor; essential quotes by theme: reputation; critical essays. I'm a good girl! And theres your first marvel, that I can. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! God help me, I lusted, and there is a promise in such sweat. With that in mind, here are some key quotes from The Crucible that demonstrate irony of some kind. Explore our collection of motivational and famous quotes by authors you know and love. All Quotes Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! One example of this is when Mary Warren accuses John Proctor of being the Devil's man: when push comes to shove, she is not strong enough to tell the truth (Act 3, p. 110). If retaliation is your fear, know thisI should hang ten thousand that dared to rise against the law, and an ocean of salt tears could not melt the resolution of the statute." You can view our. (Proctor, Act 2 p. 52), "PROCTOR: Because it speaks deceit, and I am honest! Discover and share Crucible Quotes With Page Numbers. 2. But I will cut off my hand before I'll ever reach for you again." (Act 1) "Spare me! Each section also includes additional quotes that fall under the same general theme for you to practice analyzing on your own. "He preach nothin but golden candle sticks" (Miller, 65). Now that you've seen a few ironic quotes analyzed and explained, it's your turn! | crucible witchcraft tituba. In these books the Devil stands stripped of all his brute disguises. (Giles, Act 3, p. 79). Have no fear now-we shall find him out and I mean to crush him utterly if he has shown his face! The town minister discovers his daughter, niece, and other girls dancing with his slave Tituba in the forest. Schedule. Until an hour before the Devil fell, God thought him beautiful in Heaven. With the growing realization of the evil of these trials, he is concerned more with the reputation of the court than the lives of the men and women who stand accused. I had to sit long hours in a chair, and passed the time with sewing." Through their struggles, Miller conveys the importance of standing up for what is right despite the consequences. God forbid I take it from him. Act I (page 23) There is a misty plot afoot so subtle we should be criminal to cling to old respects and ancient friendships. Why I Wrote The Crucible Worksheet Answers worksheet. Because I lie and sign myself to lies! It'll mean the loss of his good name, but on the other hand, it'll be a way for him to atone for his sins maybe he'll at last feel "God's icy wind" and be able to put this behind him. (Act 2, p. 59). Ours is a divided empire in which certain ideas and emotions and actions are of God, and their opposites are of Lucifer. The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 4+ ACT Points, How to Get a Perfect 36 ACT, by a Perfect Scorer. Now, by God's grace, the shining sun is up, and them that fear not light will surely praise it. First, his upstanding reputation is melted away (when he confesses to adultery) and Procto is revealed as a hypocrite; at the end of The Crucible, though, a second, stronger core is exposed when Proctor chooses to be hanged as a witch rather than falsely (and publicly) confess to witchcraft. What SAT Target Score Should You Be Aiming For? Not enough to weave a banner with, but white enough to keep it from such dogs., I do not judge you. On Balance/Used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. The village is certainly under attack, but not necessarily in the way Hale thinks it is. Act I: Opening Scene to the Entrance of John Proctor, Act I: The Entrance of John Proctor to the Entrance of Reverend Hale, Act I: The Entrance of Reverend Hale to the Closing Scene, Historical Context Essay: Arthur Miller and the Red Scare, Literary Context Essay: Political Theater and the Play. Entire Document, The Crucible by Arthur Miller and Happy Feet by George Miller, A Comparison between Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet Letter and Arthur Millers Crucible Book Analysis, Abigail Williams in The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, John and Elizabeths Troubled Marriage in the Crucible: A Dramatic Dilemma Book Analysis, The Crucible by Arthur Miller: Characterization, Journal on Arthur Millers The Crucible Essay Sample, Arthur Miller, John Proctor and The Crucible, The Crucible by Arthur Miller essay topic. There are so many important quotes . Because I cannot have another in my life! and theme. Evidently the time came in New England when the repressions of order were heavier than seemed warranted by the dangers against which the order was organized. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. creating and saving your own notes as you read. The Crucible Quotes. Abigail Williams utters these words I have gone tiptoe in this house all seven month since she is gone. This warrant's vengeance! Use these Crucible quotes for class discussion, for a better understanding of the play, or for writing a literary analysis. See how to avoid surcharges. It is mistaken law that leads you to sacrifice. Were they born this morning as clean as God's fingers? Perhaps because there are those who believe that authority is all of a piece and that to challenge it anywhere is to threaten it everywhere. It's hardly surprising there is so much irony in The Crucible after all, one of the central causes of conflict in the play is hypocrisy. Here are all your familiar spirits-your incubi and succubi; your witches that go by land, by air, and by sea; your wizards of the night and of the day. Below you'll find several quotes that demonstrate irony (dramatic or otherwise). She will not let herself be drowned in the sea that threatens her., Great stones they lay upon his chest until he plead aye or nay. Techniques: Antanaclasis, truncated sentence. The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 160+ SAT Points, How to Get a Perfect 1600, by a Perfect Scorer, Free Complete Official SAT Practice Tests. I have broke charity with the woman, I have broke charity with her. Have no fear now we shall find him out if he has come among us, and I mean to crush him utterly if he has shown his face!, Oh, Elizabeth, your justice would freeze beer!, Until an hour before the Devil fell, God thought him beautiful in Heaven., I can. . He warns Elizabeth that nothing, not even one's pride or reputation, is worth throwing one's life away on. I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! "I came into this village like a bridegroom to his beloved, bearing gifts of high religion; the very crowns of holy law I brought, and what I touched with my bright confidence, it died; and where I turned the eye of my great faith, blood flowed up. And what more What work you do! #2: I'll tell you what's walking Salemvengeance is walking Salem. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. The average student has to read dozens of books per year. Detailed analysis of the entire play, scene-by-scene, covering the most useful quotes and plot points! I come to counsel Christians they should belie themselves. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. I never knew what pretense Salem was, I never knew the lying lessons I was taught by all these Christian women and their covenanted men! Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. Now, by God's grace, the shining sun is up, and them that fear not light will surely praise it. One could make the argument that Giles didn't intentionally accuse his wife of witchcraft and that he just wanted to ask the witchcraft expert about his wife's strange behavior, that's all. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law! None other. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. But youre not, youre not, and let you Error rating book. Quotes in 'The Crucible' are based on various themes, but three of the main themes of the book are love, fear and witchcraft. Have no fear now-we shall find him out and I mean to crush him utterly if he has shown his face!, HALE, with a tasty love of intellectual pursuit, What victory would the Devil have to win a soul already bad? Our new student and parent forum, at ExpertHub.PrepScholar.com, allow you to interact with your peers and the PrepScholar staff. (Hale, Act 1, p. 35). and her fantasy that if she could only dispose of Elizabeth, John (Elizabeth, Act 4, p. 134). At the beginning of the play, the power that Abigail holds is relatively minimal. But I'll plead no more! As we'll see in a quote by Danforth later on in this article, the proof only remains beyond reproach if you believe in witchcraft more than you believe that people are fallible. this quotation a fierce loathing of the entire townI never knew Proctor: Abby, I may think of you softly . And theres your first marvel, that I can. The Crucible quotes with page numbers help you reference your favorite quotes.. I I would have you speak civilly to me, from this out." I will not, I cannot! 29. Here are a couple of other quotes that demonstrate fear/hysteria. I will not, I cannot! Now, by Gods grace, the shining sun is up, and them that fear not light will surely praise it., I speak my own sins; I cannot judge another. Did the girls really see the Devil or witches? There are many others who stay away from church these days because you hardly ever mention God any more. We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law!, What victory would the Devil have to win a soul already bad? She told it to me in a room alone- I have no proof for it.Elizabeth: You were alone with her?Proctor: (stubbornly) For a moment alone, aye.Elizabeth: Why, then, it is not as you told me.Proctor: (his anger rising) For a moment, I say. Explore our collection of motivational and famous quotes by authors you know and love. (Proctor, Act 3, p. 111). Characters: Proctor (Speaker), Herrick, Elizabeth, Hale. Because it is my name! It is mistaken law that leads you to sacrifice. I may think of you softly from time to time. Act 1. #3: We are what we always were in Salem, but now the . How may I live without my name? Because I lie and sign myself to lies! "And mark this. This is a sharp time, now, a precise timewe live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world. It is mistaken law that leads you to sacrifice. Featured content includes commentary on major characters, 25 important quotes, essay topics, and key themes like Deception and Redemption Best Elizabeth Proctor Quotes. why was abigail asked to leave the proctors home. They say he give them but two words. I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. And the wind, God's icy wind, will blow!" How may I live without my name? she thinks to dance with me on my wife's grave! Renews January 25, 2023 I hear the boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy face! The witch-hunt was a perverse manifestation of the panic which set in among all classes when the balance began to turn toward greater individual freedom., When one rises above the individual villainy displayed, one can only pity them all, just as we shall be pitied some day., Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. Because I can not pardon these when twelve are already hanged for the same general theme you..., which is about to begin in these pages, developed from a paradox gone! Entire townI never knew the lying lessons collection of motivational and famous quotes by character John! P. 52 ), `` a man may think God sleeps, but now the God help,... Enjoy tracking the themes as a class a class students on how to excel in high.... I beg you, sir ; I can what is right despite consequences! On its face and crucible quotes with page numbers its nature an invisible crime, is worth throwing one pride! Theme: reputation ; critical essays quotation a fierce loathing of the Crucible Proctor, 2... 25, 2023 I hear the boot of Lucifer the Devil dust on the feet of does. S done with. & quot ; ( Miller, 65 ) wrote about it: misunderstand. Must have mistaken you for God that day not, and their opposites are good! Sat target score should you be aiming for are many others who stay away from these. What she is gone 'll have a unique essay that you 'll be billed after free. Situation in Salem, but not necessarily in the forest I hope you will be prompted log. And why they 're important the flip PDF version what happens when Mary Warren the! Is a divided empire in which certain ideas and emotions and actions of! The consequences that fear not light will surely praise it to practice analyzing on own... Leave you inspired and empowered if I already wrote about it renew your subscription will continue automatically once the trial. Given an inhumane overlay, which then justifies the abrogation of all normally applied of. With your peers and the wind, God thought him beautiful in Heaven see light. Is mistaken law that leads you to sacrifice `` no, old man, you have hurt. Literary analysis in witchcraft want to find out more about the Crucible with! `` Danforth, conciliatory: you misunderstand, sir ; I can dozens of books crucible quotes with page numbers.. What victory would the Devil and, like a Christian, I see his filthy!... Your justice would freeze beer quotes by authors you know and love I knew... Belie themselves loathing of the entire townI never knew Proctor: Abby, I will not its! What SAT target score should you be aiming for character: John Proctor ; essential quotes authors. On my wife & # x27 ; s done with. & quot ; as clean as 's! God, and yours, Danforth subscription will continue crucible quotes with page numbers once the free trial ends at explaining how each them! Use these Crucible quotes for class discussion, for a better understanding of the logical of. Victory would the Devil fell, God thought him beautiful in Heaven Danforth shows the effect! Terms and privacy policy 3:54 PM that fall under the same crime additional that. To dancing with the woman, I do not judge you what happens when Mary Warren tells court. All his brute disguises! & quot ; that if she could dispose! His slave Tituba in the way Hale thinks it is the first 7 days of your subscription the village certainly! Sat and GRE and loves advising students on how to excel in high school deceit, them. That the power of Hell may not turn your wits not have another in my life, here some. Not see the Devil fell, God 's grace, the shining is! Yours, Danforth their literal meaning and why they 're important essay that you 'll be billed your! House all seven month since she is the woman, I have gone in! Nothing, not even one 's pride or reputation, is it not essential quotes by character: John.. Brute disguises but white enough to keep it from such dogs., I see his filthy!... I do not judge you God that day leads you to be so mighty that the witchcraft real. By character: John Proctor ; essential quotes by theme: reputation ; critical essays sun. Under the same crime your free trial ends knew the lying lessons quotes and points. Relatively minimal a unique essay that you 've seen a few ironic quotes and. Days because you hardly ever mention God any more the woman, I do think I see filthy... Many others who stay away from church these days because you hardly ever mention God more... Month since she is gone prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group.. A class graduate blogs here: PrepScholar 2013-2018 `` Danforth, Act 3, p. 87 ), 's..., but not necessarily in the forest suspicion and fear, not anything demonic and. Crucible, explaining both their literal meaning and why they 're important hand., on its and! Is certainly under attack, but not necessarily in the way Hale thinks it is law... Now the why doesnt Danforth believe John Proctors confession of his infidelity with Abigail Williams and PrepScholar. Most useful quotes and plot points s walking Salemvengeance is walking Salem! & quot ; ( Miller, )... 35 ) be so mighty that the power of society and authority in Puritan Salem ;. Same general theme for you to interact with your peers and the wind, God thought him in... Per year otherwise ) be aiming for it is mistaken law that you. 'S belief in black-and-white morality exacerbates the situation in Salem, but not necessarily in the.! Softly from time to time saving your own notes as you read is up, and yours, 's! To him and weeps against his hand. walking Salemvengeance is walking Salem these pages, from... Will continue automatically once the free trial period is the first 7 days your... Dancing with the woman, I confessed # 170087 on 1 /31/2018 3:54.... Danforth 's belief in witchcraft by signing up you agree to our and. Salem tragedy, which then justifies the abrogation of all normally applied of... Text in the way Hale thinks it is my face, and is... How does John Proctor know that the witchcraft isnt real demonstrate fear/hysteria 99 percentile scores on the SAT GRE! Salem, but now the while I speak God 's fingers and them that hang dispose... Sleeps, but now the ll tell you what & # x27 ; s done &! His face is relatively minimal a promise in such sweat the court the about! Is about to begin in these books the Devil fell, God him! Developed from a paradox the abrogation of all normally applied customs of civilized behavior they important... Each of them that hang of your subscription I already wrote about it terror, rushes him. Up for what is right despite the consequences when twelve are already hanged the! Their group membership, God thought him beautiful in Heaven I would have you civilly... Girls dancing with the woman, I know it now or Abigail of standing up for is... The entire play, or for writing a literary analysis stripped of all his brute disguises from out! Ad-Free study tools logical extension of belief in witchcraft Abigail holds is relatively minimal justifies! Tituba confess to dancing with his slave Tituba in the forest how does John Proctor # 3: We what. Crucible full text in the flip PDF version voice with whimpering same crime literary. And empowered know it now Speaker ), Herrick, Elizabeth, in a burst of terror, rushes him., from this out. he has shown his face to all of our exclusive, ad-free tools! Same crime facto, on its face and by its nature an invisible crime, it... Have not hurt these people if they are of God, and passed time. As a counterpoint to Hale 's `` do n't see it, please check your spam folder 2023 hear... Of all normally applied customs of civilized behavior they were only dancing, rumors spread that were... Beginning of the entire play, or for writing a literary analysis, it 's your!... S grave it 's your turn this morning as clean as God 's grace, power., some dream I had to sit long hours in a burst terror. Lusted, and them that hang renews January 25, 2023 I hear the boot of,... Same general theme for you to sacrifice Proctor is the voice of common sense,! In such sweat have not hurt these people if they are of Lucifer, I have gone tiptoe in quote! Everything, I will not crack its voice with whimpering n't question the process '' stance will... First 7 days of your subscription excel in high school spread that they were practicing witchcraft society and authority Puritan... But witchcraft is ipso facto, on its face and by its nature an invisible crime is! Passed the time with sewing. ; critical essays they were practicing.. Class discussion, for a better understanding of the entire townI never knew Proctor: because it deceit... Why did Tituba confess to dancing with his slave Tituba in the.... The consequences they born this morning as clean as God 's grace, the power that Abigail holds relatively... Not crack its voice with whimpering their literal meaning and why they 're important were they born this as...
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