[61] [262] NOAA had closed 86,985sqmi (225,290km2), or approximately 36% of Federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico, for commercial fishing causing $2.5billion cost for the fishing industry. [82][83] Mud and cement were later pumped in through the top of the well to reduce the pressure inside it (which didn't work either). [20] The report stated that, although the events leading to the sinking of Deepwater Horizon were set into motion by the failure to prevent a well blowout, the investigation revealed numerous systems deficiencies, and acts and omissions by Transocean and its Deepwater Horizon crew, that had an adverse impact on the ability to prevent or limit the magnitude of the disaster. Members of the genus Pseudomonas have a very versatile metabolism and are ubiquitous; they possess a set of genes that allow them to degrade most petroleum compounds including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which are the most stable and recalcitrant compounds proven to be toxic to many organisms including humans [4]. Let us know. On December 15, 2010, the United States filed a complaint in District Court against BP Exploration & Production and several other defendants alleged to be responsible for the spill. [85][86][87] On 3 August 2010, first test oil and then drilling mud was pumped at a slow rate of approximately 2bbl (320L) per minute into the well-head. [250] In 2013, during the three-day "Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill & Ecosystem Science Conference",[251] findings discussed included a '"significant percentage" of Gulf residents reporting mental health problems like anxiety, depression and PTSD. [56] In October, weathered oil reached Texas. The spill occurred in the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of Louisiana, and resulted in a massive release of oil into the ocean. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Deepwater Horizon oil spill. 2. The United States federal government estimated the total discharge at 4,900Mbbl (210million USgal; 780,000m3). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). environmental disaster, Gulf of Mexico [2010]. USCG said 3310^6USgal (120,000m3) of tainted water was recovered, including 510^6USgal (19,000m3) of oil. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. The North American Wetlands Conservation Fund received $100 million from the court fines to support projects on wetlands restoration and conservation in the United States, Canada and Mexico. [84], Transocean's Development Driller III started drilling a first relief well on 2 May 2010. [78] Before the tube was removed, it collected 924,000USgal (22,000bbl; 3,500m3) of oil. Degraded hydrocarbons mineralize to carbon dioxide, used in biomass or expelled as other hydrocarbon derivatives that are most likely used by other microbes. A large scale of bioremediation was deployed during the BP oil spill crisis due to its effectiveness and lower cost [8]. [359], On 4 September 2014, U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct. "[296] BP's chief operating officer Doug Suttles contradicted the underwater plume discussion noting, "It may be down to how you define what a plume is here The oil that has been found is in very minute quantities. [173][174][175] Restrictions were to prevent civilian air traffic from interfering with aircraft assisting the response effort. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Crude oil is shown in the Pacific Ocean offshore of Orange County, California, Oct. 3, 2021. These numbers, coupled with the National Audubon Society scientists' observations of bird colonies and bird mortality well after the acute phase, have led scientists to conclude that more than one million birds ultimately succumbed to the lethal effects of the Gulf oil spill. Most oil found its way to the surface while some formed large plumeswithin the water column. Although that method did not remove the oil completely, chemicals called dispersants were used to hasten the oil's degradation to prevent the oil from doing further damage to the marine habitats below the surface water. Mac McClelland for Mother Jones, 24 May 2010. [261], Local officials in Louisiana expressed concern that the offshore drilling moratorium imposed in response to the spill would further harm the economies of coastal communities as the oil industry directly or indirectly employs about 318,000 Louisiana residents (17% of all jobs in the state). Due to the magnitude of this event and environmental and political damage it caused, a significant scientific effort has been made to study its effect on ocean and coastal ecosystems. The court ruled that BP hadn't explained "how this court or the district court should identify or even discern the existence of 'claimants that have suffered no cognizable injury. Now, a team of American scientists led by Terry Hazen have shown that just a. This process involves investigating the effects of the spill on natural resources and determining the costs to restore them. Microbial Activities and Dissolved Organic Matter Dynamics in Oil-Contaminated Surface Seawater from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Site. PLoS One, 2012, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034816, (9) Mulet, M., David, Z., Nogales, B., Bosch, R., Lalucat, J. and Garcia-Valdes, E. Pseudomonas Diversity in Crude-Oil-Contaminated Intertidal Sand Samples Obtained after the Prestige Oil Spill. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2011, DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01741-10, (10) Boopathy, R., Shields, S. and Nunna, S. Biogradation of crude oil from the BP oil spill in the marsh sediments of southeast Louisiana, USA. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2012, DOI: NA, (11) Atlas, R. Oil Biodegradation and Bioremediation: A tale of the Two Worst Spills in U.S. History. Environ Sci Technol, 2011, DOI: 10.1021/es2013227, Figure 1: http://www.birdeducation.org/BENBulletin32.htm, Figure 2: http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0602/BP-oil-spill-Five-outside-the-box-solutions-to-capping-and-cleanup, Figure 3: http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2011/0106/Gulf-oil-spill-study-s-surprising-find-Bacteria-ate-methane-in-three-months, Figure 4: http://www.thelmagazine.com/TheMeasure/archives/2010/05/24/your-pictures-of-the-bp-oil-spill-making-landfall-are-here-and-just-as-hopelessly-tragic-as-youd-feared, From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource, Specific strain of microbes capable of hydrocarbon degradation, Possible topics for further research and direction, http://www.birdeducation.org/BENBulletin32.htm, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0602/BP-oil-spill-Five-outside-the-box-solutions-to-capping-and-cleanup, http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2011/0106/Gulf-oil-spill-study-s-surprising-find-Bacteria-ate-methane-in-three-months, http://www.thelmagazine.com/TheMeasure/archives/2010/05/24/your-pictures-of-the-bp-oil-spill-making-landfall-are-here-and-just-as-hopelessly-tragic-as-youd-feared, https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Microbial_Response_to_Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill&oldid=79090. were used to cleanup after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Before the spill there was an average of 100 strandings per year; since the spill the number has jumped to roughly 500. The oil firm alleged failed safety systems and irresponsible behaviour of contractors had led to the explosion, including claims that Halliburton failed to properly use modelling software to analyze safe drilling conditions. Pre-oil spill samples are what someone would expect in other beaches of similar location without contamination, which include a variety of diverse organisms that exhibit high level of interactions [5]. The plan was criticised for its expense and poor results. Biostimulation is the adding of nutrients and other growth limiting resources to stimulate the growth of indigenous oil-degrading microbes to increase the rate of remediation. [116] EPA regulations prohibited skimmers that left more than 15 parts per million (ppm) of oil in the water. The settlement includes: Up to an additional $700 million to respond to natural resource damages unknown at the time of the agreement, and for adaptive management. "[246] ProPublica reported that workers were being photographed while working with no protective clothing. Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment reviews the current state of the science regarding oil spill response and environmental [148] In a major study on the plume, experts were most concerned about the slow pace at which the oil was breaking down in the cold, 40F (4C) water at depths of 3,000ft (900m). "[281] Some observers suggested that the Obama administration was being overly aggressive in its criticisms, which some BP investors saw as an attempt to deflect criticism of his own handling of the crisis. Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). [16] In April 2013, it was reported that dolphins and other marine life continued to die in record numbers with infant dolphins dying at six times the normal rate. [116] The fires released small amounts of toxins, including cancer-causing dioxins. An investigation of the possible causes of the explosion was launched on 22 April 2010 by the USCG and the Minerals Management Service. [266][267], On 30 April 2010, President Barack Obama ordered the federal government to hold the issuing of new offshore drilling leases and authorized the investigation of 29oil rigs in the Gulf in an effort to determine the cause of the disaster. In May 2010, the bacterial count for the deepwater plume was 55,000 cells/ml and only 27,000 cells/ml outside of the plume. [163][164] David L. Valentine, a professor of microbial geochemistry at UC Santa Barbara, said that the capability of microbes to break down the leaked oil had been greatly exaggerated. Record criminal fines paid by BP in 2012 half went directly to aid the Gulf. "[318] BP released a statement in response to this, saying, that "even prior to the conclusion of the commission's investigation, BP instituted significant changes designed to further strengthen safety and risk management. Below is a summary of areas in which more research needs to be done. May 4, 2010. [126] Over 400sorties were flown to release the product. Many local supporters were disappointed with BP's slow response, prompting the formation of The Florida Key Environmental Coalition. Researchers concluded that deep plumes of dissolved oil and gas would likely remain confined to the northern Gulf of Mexico and that the peak impact on dissolved oxygen would be delayed and long lasting. [179] In another example, a CBS News crew was denied access to the oil-covered beaches of the spill area. One study projects that the overall impact of lost or degraded commercial, recreational, and mariculture fisheries in the Gulf could be $8.7billion by 2020, with a potential loss of 22,000 jobs over the same time frame. [62] Estimates of the residual ranged from a 2010 NOAA report that claimed about half of the oil remained below the surface to independent estimates of up to 75%. The goal of NRDA is to restore natural resources and compensate the public for lost recreational use. [314], On 9 November 2010, a report by the Oil Spill Commission said that there had been "a rush to completion" on the well and criticised poor management decisions. The addition of an ancillary collection system comprising several devices, also tapped into the BOP, increased the collection rate to approximately 25,000 barrels of oil a day. [254], The spill had a strong economic impact to BP [255] and also the Gulf Coast's economy sectors such as offshore drilling, fishing and tourism. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. The second had been intended to serve as a backup and was not completed. When an attempt to employ a top kill, whereby drilling mud was pumped into the well to stanch the flow of oil, also failed, BP in early June turned to an apparatus called the Lower Marine Riser Package (LMRP) cap. [11][111], The fundamental strategies for addressing the spill were containment, dispersal and removal. [368] Lastly, Anthony Badalamenti, a Halliburton manager, was charged with instructing two employees to delete data related to Halliburton's cementing job on the oil well. The funds will be used strictly for research activities, with results published in peer-reviewed scientific journals with no BP approval or review. 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