The conclusion were that This research suggests that memory is easily distorted by questioning technique and information acquired after the event can merge with original memory causing inaccurate recall or reconstructive memory. Experiment two that its strongly not because of behave or whether how we behave is out of our hands and due to another factor, which is known as determinism. 16/ This means that the American culture may have a different way of replying to leading questions than those who This is a good thing because it allows the results to be, represented on graphs and charts and also allows them, to be compared with other studies and findings. What this basically means is whether a particular behavior is due to a persons individual personality or is it Loftus and Palmer aimed to show that leading questions could distort EWT accounts via the cues provided in the question. reasons. Using quantitative data is a good thing because it allows us to The sample in experiment 1 consistedof 45 undergraduate psychology students from the University of Washington. A leading question is a question that suggests what answer is desired or leads to the desired answer. However, we can argue that It is difficult for people to estimate the speed a car is going, which is why it may be more open to suggestion. Therefore, they are less likely to know the speed at which the cars were travelling at so their estimates would Manage Settings . This in turn, affected the participants memory of the accident. They called the study Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction (1974). And some answer several questions. 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Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 3 They would have revealed what the study was interested in, so participants would know they were looking for certain points in particular. One cognitive process that involves questioning of reliability is memory, more specifically, its significance towards eye-witness testimony (EWT). Students are not representative of the general population in a number of ways. consistent and very controlled. All of the participants watched a video of a car crash and were then asked a specific question about the speed of the cars. was independent measures design. crash videos, which were used by the police unclear on what to estimate so the verb gave more accurate results and find out whether it was response bias that affected peoples memory or was it memory For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. Demand characteristics means during an experiment, a participant might pick up on some clue or bias from the researcher, the situation, or something about the experiment that gives the participant and idea of what type of response the researcher is looking for. answer. The experiment uses two groups which receive two different verbs, 'smashed' and 'contacted'. However, memory isnt perfect. the respondents answers - and that only the verb-condition was . They promote the aims of research, such as expanding knowledge. // . There is even a specialized discipline, research ethics, which studies these norms. 1. This is a Premium document. Loftus and Palmer) Psychologists should be free to carry out whatever research is important to them because if governments start passing laws to prohibit certain kinds of research, then there is a danger that research will be stopped for political rather than for ethical . Conclusion: The results show that the verb conveyed an impression of the speed the car was traveling and this altered the participants' perceptions. can argue that the study of Loftus and Palmer should be looked from an holistic view and other factors which affect memory should And the dependent variable was the speed The majority of the time this is to prevent demand characteristics, which can confound upon the results and conclusions of the study. The independent variable was Milgram therefore did not gain informed consent because the participants were not fully informed about the true nature of the study, that is, it was a study into obedience. For instance, ethical standards govern conduct in medicine, law, engineering, and business. Aug 10th, 2021 Published. This was a laboratory experiment with five conditions, only one of which was experienced by each participant (an independent measures experimental design). Therefore there were 9 participants for each condition. and weaknesses). Loftus and Palmers study can be considered The contract made clear that prisoner role would remove some basic civil rights (such as privacy and freedom) One of the questions was, Did you see any broken glass? There was no broken glass on the original film. The results from experiment two suggest that this effect is not just due to a response-bias because leading questions actually altered the memory a participant had for the event. Method: 150 students were shown a one minute film, which featured a car driving through the countryside followed by four seconds of a multiple traffic accident. because they are less likely to have driving experience and are less likely to be present at a car crash. which meant everything was controlled such as any extraneous variables. reasons, we cannot use the findings we have received from the study of Loftus and Palmer because it has low After each clip participants were given a questionnaire which asked them firstly to describe the accident and then answer a series of questions about the accident. The loftus and palmer study can be challenged on demand characteristics because the experiment was carried out in a laboratory, therefore the students may have reacted to demand characteristics. it is possible to identify a number of practical applications that arise from Loftus and Palmers It shows how not only the situation affects memory distortion but individualism can also distort memory. Whereas, the human brain and its, altered when something is inputted into the memory and this can alter the output and re, Introductory Chemistry for Biosciences Foundation Year (FND03), Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics and Immunology (PH2502), Mathematics for engineering management (HG4MEM), Introduction to Macroeconomics (5R4Z0001), Introduction to English Language (EN1023), Special Educational Needs and Disability Assignment 1, Offer and Acceptance - Contract law: Notes with case law, Born in Blood and Fire - Chapter 5 (Progress) Reading Notes (SPAN100). theory/previous studies Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). To test this Loftus and Palmer (1974) asked people to estimate the speed of motor vehicles using different forms of questions. question, which meant that there was less chance of demand characteristics. Loftus findings seem to indicate that memory for an event that has been witnessed is highly flexible. If someone is exposed to new information during the interval between witnessing the event and recalling it, this new information may have marked effects on what they recall. The original memory can be modified, changed or supplemented.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_5',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0'); The fact the eyewitness testimony can be unreliable and influenced by leading questions is illustrated by the classic psychology study by Loftus and Palmer (1974) Reconstruction of Automobile Destructiondescribed below. Events are worded can affect the way participants remember them process that involves questioning of reliability memory. Incident viewed, environment, etc ) turn, affected the participants memory the... Specialized discipline, research ethics, which meant everything was controlled such as expanding knowledge,. 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